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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"> <link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} @font-face {font-family:""@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} /* Page Definitions */ @page {} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable { mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]-->
先看下面一个嵌套的查询语句:
<!--<br /> <br /> Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)<br /> http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/<br /> <br /> -->
select
*
from
person.StateProvince
where
CountryRegionCode
in
(
select
CountryRegionCode
from
person.CountryRegion
where
Name
like
'
C%
'
)
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"> <link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} @font-face {font-family:""@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} /* Page Definitions */ @page {} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable { mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]-->
上面的查询语句使用了一个子查询。虽然这条
SQL
语句并不复杂,但如果嵌套的层次过多,会使
SQL
语句非常难以阅读和维护。因此,也可以使用表变量的方式来解决这个问题,
SQL
语句如下:
<!--<br /> <br /> Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)<br /> http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/<br /> <br /> -->
declare
@t
table
(CountryRegionCode
nvarchar
(
3
))
insert
into
@t
(CountryRegionCode)(
select
CountryRegionCode
from
person.CountryRegion
where
Name
like
'
C%
'
)
select
*
from
person.StateProvince
where
CountryRegionCode
in
(
select
*
from
@t
)
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"> <link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} @font-face {font-family:""@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} /* Page Definitions */ @page {} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable { mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]-->
虽然上面的
SQL
语句要比第一种方式更复杂,但却将子查询放在了表变量
@t
中,这样做将使
SQL
语句更容易维护,但又会带来另一个问题,就是性能的损失。由于表变量实际上使用了临时表,从而增加了额外的
I/O
开销,因此,表变量的方式并不太适合数据量大且频繁查询的情况。为此,在
SQL Server 2005
中提供了另外一种解决方案,这就是公用表表达式(
CTE
),使用
CTE
,可以使
SQL
语句的可维护性,同时,
CTE
要比表变量的效率高得多。
下面是
CTE
的语法:
<!--<br /> <br /> Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)<br /> http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/<br /> <br /> -->
[
WITH<common_table_expression>[,
n
]
]
<
common_table_expression
>
::
=
expression_name
[
(column_name[,
n
]
)]
AS
(CTE_query_definition)
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"> <link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} @font-face {font-family:""@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} /* Page Definitions */ @page {} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable { mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]-->
现在使用
CTE
来解决上面的问题,
SQL
语句如下:
<!--<br /> <br /> Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)<br /> http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/<br /> <br /> -->
with
cr
as
(
select
CountryRegionCode
from
person.CountryRegion
where
Name
like
'
C%
'
)
select
*
from
person.StateProvince
where
CountryRegionCode
in
(
select
*
from
cr)
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} @font-face {font-family:""@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} /* Page Definitions */ @page {} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable { mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]-->
其中
cr
是一个公用表表达式,该表达式在使用上与表变量类似,只是
SQL Server 2005
在处理公用表表达式的方式上有所不同。
在使用
CTE
时应注意如下几点:
1.CTE
后面必须直接跟使用
CTE
的
SQL
语句(如
select
、
insert
、
update
等),否则,
CTE
将失效。如下面的
SQL
语句将无法正常使用
CTE
:
<!--<br /> <br /> Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)<br /> http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/<br /> <br /> -->
with
cr
as
(
select
CountryRegionCode
from
person.CountryRegion
where
Name
like
'
C%
'
)
select
*
from
person.CountryRegion
--
应将这条SQL语句去掉
--
使用CTE的SQL语句应紧跟在相关的CTE后面--
select
*
from
person.StateProvince
where
CountryRegionCode
in
(
select
*
from
cr)
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"> <meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"> <meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"> <meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"> <link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} @font-face {font-family:""@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} /* Page Definitions */ @page {} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable { mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]-->
2.CTE
后面也可以跟其他的
CTE
,但只能使用一个
with
,多个
CTE
中间用逗号(
,
)分隔,如下面的
SQL
语句所示:
<!--<br /> <br /> Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)<br /> http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/<br /> <br /> -->
with
cte1
as
(
select
*
from
table1
where
name
like
'
abc%
'
),
cte2
as
(
select
*
from
table2
where
id
>
20
),
cte3
as
(
select
*
from
table3
where
price
<
100
)
select
a.
*
from
cte1a,cte2b,cte3c
where
a.id
=
b.id
and
a.id
=
c.id
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} @font-face {font-family:""@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} /* Page Definitions */ @page {} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable { mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]-->
3.
如果
CTE
的表达式名称与某个数据表或视图重名,则紧跟在该
CTE
后面的
SQL
语句使用的仍然是
CTE
,当然,后面的
SQL
语句使用的就是数据表或视图了,如下面的
SQL
语句所示:
<!--<br /> <br /> Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)<br /> http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/<br /> <br /> -->
--
table1是一个实际存在的表
with
table1
as
(
select
*
from
persons
where
age
<
30
)
select
*
from
table1
--
使用了名为table1的公共表表达式
select
*
from
table1
--
使用了名为table1的数据表
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} @font-face {font-family:""@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} /* Page Definitions */ @page {} @page Section1 {size:612.0pt 792.0pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable { mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]-->
4.CTE
可以引用自身,也可以引用在同一
WITH
子句中预先定义的
CTE
。不允许前向引用。
5.
不能在
CTE_query_definition
中使用以下子句:
(
1
)
COMPUTE
或
COMPUTE BY
(
2
)
ORDER BY
(除非指定了
TOP
子句)
(
3
)
INTO
(
4
)带有查询提示的
OPTION
子句
(
5
)
FOR XML
(
6
)
FOR BROWSE
6.
如果将
CTE
用在属于批处理的一部分的语句中,那么在它之前的语句必须以分号结尾,如下面的
SQL
所示:
<!--<br /> <br /> Code highlighting produced by Actipro CodeHighlighter (freeware)<br /> http://www.CodeHighlighter.com/<br /> <br /> -->
declare
@s
nvarchar
(
3
)
set
@s
=
'
C%
'
;
--
必须加分号
with
t_tree
as
(
select
CountryRegionCode
from
person.CountryRegion
where
Name
like
@s
)
select
*
from
person.StateProvince
where
CountryRegionCode
in
(
select
*
from
t_tree)
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"><meta name="ProgId" content="Word.Document"><meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><meta name="Originator" content="Microsoft Word 11"><link rel="File-List" href="file:///C:%5CDOCUME%7E1%5CADMINI%7E1%5CLOCALS%7E1%5CTemp%5Cmsohtml1%5C01%5Cclip_filelist.xml"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> Normal 0 7.8 磅 0 2 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><![endif]--><style> <!-- /* Font Definitions */ @font-face {font-family:宋体; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} @font-face {font-family:""@宋体"; panose-1:2 1 6 0 3 1 1 1 1 1;} /* Style Definitions */ p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal {mso-style-parent:""; margin:0cm; margin-bottom:.0001pt; text-align:justify; text-justify:inter-ideograph; font-size:10.5pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";} /* Page Definitions */ @page {} @page Section1 {size:595.3pt 841.9pt; margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt; layout-grid:15.6pt;} div.Section1 {page:Section1;} --> </style><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable { mso-style-parent:""; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";} </style> <![endif]-->
CTE
除了可以简化嵌套
SQL
语句外,还可以进行递归调用,关于这一部分的内容将在下一篇文章中介绍。
下一篇:
SQL Server2005杂谈(2):公用表表达式(CTE)的递归调用
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SQL Server2005杂谈(1):使用公用表表达式(CTE)简化嵌套SQL