IIS架构与HTTP请求处理流程(2)

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ASP.NET Web编程原理 之
IIS架构与HTTP请求处理流程(2)
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8.1.2 应用程序池与工作者进程


应用程序池( Applicaion Pool ”是 Windows Server 为提升 Web 服务的性能和可靠性而引入的一个 Web 程序隔离机制。

一个应用程序池可包含一个或多个 Web 应用程序。 ASP.NET Web 应用程序必须运行在一个应用程序池中。

Windows Server 中,一个或多个“ 工作者进程( Worker Process ”为应用程序池提供服务,停止一个应用程序池将导致这些工作者进程被关闭,这时,所有发往此应用程序池中 Web 应用程序的 HTTP 请求将收到“ 503 服务不可用”的响应信息。

8 7 展示了一台 Web 服务器上正在运行的应用程序池。

应用程序池

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8 7 IIS 7 中的应用程序池

8 7 所示,本台 Web 服务器上的设置了 3 个应用程序池,每个应用程序池中可运行多个 Web 应用程序,图中 DefaultAppPool 这一应用程序池运行了 5 Web 应用程序。每个应用程序池都可以加载特定版本的 .NET Framework ,以对 ASP.NET 应用程序提供支持。在 IIS 7 中,应用程序池有两种运行模式—— 经典模式和集成模式

经典模式下, IIS7 应用程序池运行方式同 IIS 6 [1]

集成模式下, IIS 7 直接预装载 .NET Framework ,从而为 ASP.NET 应用程序提供了更好的性能。

IIS 管理器中可以随时启动和停止某个应用程序池。

Windows Server 上运行应用程序池的系统帐号是“ NetworkService ”。在后面的章节中可以看到在部署 ASP.NET 网站时往往需要给此帐号设置特定的权限(比如允许 ASP.NET 应用程序向某文件夹中添加文件)。

下面深入介绍一下 IIS 的系统架构以及 Windows Server 是如何响应 HTTP 请求的。


8.1.3 IIS的系统架构

IIS 6 (运行于 Windows 2003 Server )的架构如 8 8 所示。



IIS 6架构

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8 8 中可以看到, IIS 6 架构由以下几个部分组成:

(1)HTTP.SYS :运行于 Windows 核心( Kernel )的一个组件,它负责侦听( Listen )来自于外部的 HTTP 请求(通常来自网络中另一台计算机上的浏览器),根据请求的 URL 将其转发给相应的应用程序池,由运行于应用程序池中的工作者进程来响应此 HTTP 请求。当此 HTTP 请求处理完成时,它又负责将处理结果发送出去(其接收者通常为发出 HTTP 请求的浏览器)。

为了提供更好的性能, HTTP.SYS 内部建立了一个缓冲区,将最近的 HTTP 请求处理结果保存起来,如果发现某个 HTTP 请求“不久以前”处理过了(即在缓冲区中可以找到),它就简单地直接从缓冲区中取出这些结果发回给客户端(通常为发出 HTTP 请求的浏览器)。

(2)InetInfo :在 IIS 5 时代, InetInfo IIS 服务的主进程,在 IIS 6 中,它不再负责处理 HTTP 请求,但它继续负责管理除了 WWW 服务之外的其他互联网服务,比如用于文件传输的 FTP 服务和用于邮件收发的 SMTP 服务。

InetInfo 内部维护了一个元数据库( Metabase ),在这个数据库中存入了一些重要的信息,这些信息对于维护各种互联网服务(比如 WWW FTP )等是必不可少的。

(3)Worker Process :负责处理 HTTP 请求,被译为“ 工作者进程 ”,事实上,它是由一个可执行程序 W3WP.EXE 运行时所生成的一个进程[2] 每一个工作者进程内部都可以管理一个或多个 ASP.NET 应用程序。 工作者进程运行于一个应用程序池( Application Pool )中。 IIS 6 可以创建多个应用程序池,并指定某个 ASP.NET 应用程序在特定的应用程序池中运行( 8 9 )。



设定程序池

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8 9 设定 ASP.NET 网站所属的应用程序池(图截自 Windows 2003 Server

一般情况下,一个应用程序池只有一个工作者进程,但也可通过配置必要的参数让多个工作者进程同时运行在同一个应用程序池中,在这种情况下,这个应用程序池被称为“ Web Garden Web 园) ”。

(4)WAS Web Admin Service :这是一个监控程序,它一方面可以存取放在 InetInfo 元数据库( Metabase )中的各种信息,另一方面也负责监控应用程序池( Application Pool )中的工作者进程的工作状态况,必要时它会关闭一个老的工作者进程并创建一个新的取而代之。



[1] IIS 6 中应用程序池的运行方式后文有详细介绍

[2]“进程( Process )”是一个具有一定独立功能的程序在一个数据集合上的一次动态执行过程。如用通俗的语言来表达,可以简单地将“进程”理解成一个正在运行的程序。


(请看 下一部分

IIS架构与HTTP请求处理流程(2)


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