本文接下来分析tomcat的类载入器,tomcat需要实现一个自定义的载入器,而不能使用系统类载入器
(1)限制serlvet访问当前运行的java虚拟机中环境变量CLASSPATH指明的路径下的所有类和库,而只允许载入WEB-INF/class目录及其子目录下的类,和从部署的库到WEB-INF/lib目录载入类
(2)提供自动重载的功能,即当WEB-INF/class目录或WEB-INF/lib目录下的类发生变化时,Web应用程序会重新载入这些类
我们先来回顾一下java的类载入器,当我们创建java类的实例时,都必须先将类载入到内存中,java虚拟机使用类载入器来载入需要的类
JVM使用三种类型的类载入器来载入所需要的类,分别为引导类载入器(bootstrap class loader)、扩展类载入器(extensions class loader)和系统类载入器(system class loader)
- 引导类加载器(bootstrap class loader):它用来加载 Java 的核心库,是用原生代码来实现的,并不继承自 java.lang.ClassLoader。
- 扩展类加载器(extensions class loader):它用来加载 Java 的扩展库。Java 虚拟机的实现会提供一个扩展库目录。该类加载器在此目录里面查找并加载 Java 类。
- 系统类加载器(system class loader):它根据 Java 应用的类路径(CLASSPATH)来加载 Java 类。一般来说,Java 应用的类都是由它来完成加载的。可以通过 ClassLoader.getSystemClassLoader()来获取它。
JVM采用一种代理模型的类载入机制,可以解决类载入过程中的安全性问题;每当系统需要载入一个类的时候,会首先调用系统类载入器,而系统类载入器将载入类的任务委派给其父载入器,即扩展类载入器,同样扩展类载入器将载入类的任务委派给其父载入器,即引导类载入器;因此引导类载入器会首先执行载入某个类的任务,如果引导类载入器找不到需要载入的类,那么扩展类载入器尝试载入该类,如果扩展类载入器也找不到该类,就轮到系统类载入器继续执行载入任务。如果系统类载入器还是找不到该类,则会抛出java.lang.ClassNotFoundException异常
Tomcat中的载入器是指Web应用程序载入器,而不仅仅指类载入器,载入器必须实现org.apache.catalina.Loader接口
public interface Loader { public ClassLoader getClassLoader(); public Container getContainer(); public void setContainer(Container container); public DefaultContext getDefaultContext(); public void setDefaultContext(DefaultContext defaultContext); public boolean getDelegate(); public void setDelegate( boolean delegate); public String getInfo(); public boolean getReloadable(); public void setReloadable( boolean reloadable); public void addPropertyChangeListener(PropertyChangeListener listener); public void addRepository(String repository); public String[] findRepositories(); public boolean modified(); public void removePropertyChangeListener(PropertyChangeListener listener); }
下面我们来具体来分析tomcat容器中 Web应用程序载入器的具体实现,即org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappLoader类实现了上面的Loader接口,负责载入Web应用程序中所使用到的类。
WebappLoader类会创建org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader类的实例作为其类载入器;
同时WebappLoader类也实现了org.apache.catalina.Lifecycle接口,可以由其相关联的容器来启动或关闭;
此外,WebappLoader类还实现了java.lang.Runnable接口,通过一个线程不断地调用其类载入器的modified()方法。如果modified()方法返回true, WebappLoader的实例会通知其关联的servlet容器(在这里是Context类的实例),然后由Context实例来完成类的重新载入。
当调用WebappLoader类的start()方法时,会完成以下几项重要工作:
(1)创建一个类载入器
(2)设置仓库
(3)设置类路径
(4)设置访问权限
(5)启动一个新线程来支持自动重载
WebappLoader类会调用其私有方法createClassLoader()方法来创建默认的类载入器
/** * Create associated classLoader. */ private WebappClassLoader createClassLoader() throws Exception { Class clazz = Class.forName(loaderClass); WebappClassLoader classLoader = null ; if (parentClassLoader == null ) { // Will cause a ClassCast is the class does not extend WCL, but // this is on purpose (the exception will be caught and rethrown) classLoader = (WebappClassLoader) clazz.newInstance(); } else { Class[] argTypes = { ClassLoader. class }; Object[] args = { parentClassLoader }; Constructor constr = clazz.getConstructor(argTypes); classLoader = (WebappClassLoader) constr.newInstance(args); } return classLoader; }
String loaderClass 的默认值为org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader
启动方法后面的设置仓库、设置类路径、设置访问权限等都与类载入器的初始化相关
WebappLoader类支持自动重载功能,如果WEB-INF/class目录或WEB-INF/lib目录下的某些类被重新编译了,那么这些类会自动重新载入,而无需重启tomcat。WebappLoader类使用一个线程周期性地检查每个资源的时间戳,我们可以调用setCheckInterval()方法设置间隔时间
/** * The background thread that checks for session timeouts and shutdown. */ public void run() { if (debug >= 1 ) log( "BACKGROUND THREAD Starting" ); // Loop until the termination semaphore is set while (! threadDone) { // Wait for our check interval threadSleep(); if (! started) break ; try { // Perform our modification check if (! classLoader.modified()) continue ; } catch (Exception e) { log(sm.getString( "webappLoader.failModifiedCheck" ), e); continue ; } // Handle a need for reloading notifyContext(); break ; } if (debug >= 1 ) log( "BACKGROUND THREAD Stopping" ); }
在上面run()方法里面的循环中,首先使线程休眠一段时间,然后调用 WebappLoader实例的类载入器的 modified()方法检查已经载入的类是否被修改,肉没有修改则重新执行循环;否则调用私有方法notifyContext(),通知与WebappLoader实例相关联的Context容器重新载入相关类
/** * Notify our Context that a reload is appropriate. */ private void notifyContext() { WebappContextNotifier notifier = new WebappContextNotifier(); ( new Thread(notifier)).start(); }
上面方法中的WebappContextNotifier为内部类,实现了Runnable接口
/** * Private thread class to notify our associated Context that we have * recognized the need for a reload. */ protected class WebappContextNotifier implements Runnable { /** * Perform the requested notification. */ public void run() { ((Context) container).reload(); } }
下面我们来分析web应用程序中负责载入类的类载入器org.apache.catalina.loader.WebappClassLoader,该类继承自java.net.URLClassLoader,同时实现了org.apache.catalina.loader.Reloader接口
public interface Reloader { public void addRepository(String repository); public String[] findRepositories(); public boolean modified(); }
该接口用来与仓库操作相关,同时检查web应用程序中的某个servlet或相关的类是否被修改
每个由WebappClassLoader载入的类,都视为资源,由org.apache.catalina.loader.ResourceEntry类的实例表示,存储了类的相关信息
public class ResourceEntry { public long lastModified = -1 ; public byte [] binaryContent = null ; public Class loadedClass = null ; public URL source = null ; public URL codeBase = null ; public Manifest manifest = null ; public Certificate[] certificates = null ; }
在WebappClassLoader类中,所有已经缓存的类存储在名为resourceEntries的HashMap类型的变量中,而载入失败的类被存储在另一个名为notFoundResources的HashMap类型的变量中
下面是WebappClassLoader的loadClass()方法的具体实现
public Class loadClass(String name, boolean resolve) throws ClassNotFoundException { if (debug >= 2 ) log( "loadClass(" + name + ", " + resolve + ")" ); Class clazz = null ; // Don't load classes if class loader is stopped if (! started) { log( "Lifecycle error : CL stopped" ); throw new ClassNotFoundException(name); } // (0) Check our previously loaded local class cache clazz = findLoadedClass0(name); if (clazz != null ) { if (debug >= 3 ) log( " Returning class from cache" ); if (resolve) resolveClass(clazz); return (clazz); } // (0.1) Check our previously loaded class cache clazz = findLoadedClass(name); if (clazz != null ) { if (debug >= 3 ) log( " Returning class from cache" ); if (resolve) resolveClass(clazz); return (clazz); } // (0.2) Try loading the class with the system class loader, to prevent // the webapp from overriding J2SE classes try { clazz = system.loadClass(name); if (clazz != null ) { if (resolve) resolveClass(clazz); return (clazz); } } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { // Ignore } // (0.5) Permission to access this class when using a SecurityManager if (securityManager != null ) { int i = name.lastIndexOf('.' ); if (i >= 0 ) { try { securityManager.checkPackageAccess(name.substring( 0 ,i)); } catch (SecurityException se) { String error = "Security Violation, attempt to use " + "Restricted Class: " + name; System.out.println(error); se.printStackTrace(); log(error); throw new ClassNotFoundException(error); } } } boolean delegateLoad = delegate || filter(name); // (1) Delegate to our parent if requested if (delegateLoad) { if (debug >= 3 ) log( " Delegating to parent classloader" ); ClassLoader loader = parent; if (loader == null ) loader = system; try { clazz = loader.loadClass(name); if (clazz != null ) { if (debug >= 3 ) log( " Loading class from parent" ); if (resolve) resolveClass(clazz); return (clazz); } } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { ; } } // (2) Search local repositories if (debug >= 3 ) log( " Searching local repositories" ); try { clazz = findClass(name); if (clazz != null ) { if (debug >= 3 ) log( " Loading class from local repository" ); if (resolve) resolveClass(clazz); return (clazz); } } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { ; } // (3) Delegate to parent unconditionally if (! delegateLoad) { if (debug >= 3 ) log( " Delegating to parent classloader" ); ClassLoader loader = parent; if (loader == null ) loader = system; try { clazz = loader.loadClass(name); if (clazz != null ) { if (debug >= 3 ) log( " Loading class from parent" ); if (resolve) resolveClass(clazz); return (clazz); } } catch (ClassNotFoundException e) { ; } } // This class was not found throw new ClassNotFoundException(name); }
在WebappClassLoader实例载入类时,首先是检查缓存,然后再载入指定类(如果设置了安全管理。在代理载入器载入前还要检测类型的安全)
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