注:本文翻译自Google官方的Android Developers Training文档,译者技术一般,由于喜爱安卓而产生了翻译的念头,纯属个人兴趣爱好。
原文链接: http://developer.android.com/training/displaying-bitmaps/display-bitmap.html
这节课程将结合之前所有课程所学习的知识,向你展示如何使用后台线程和位图缓存,在
ViewPager
和
GridView
中展示多幅图片,并解决并发和配置变更的问题。
一). 实现向一个ViewPager加载位图
该滑动视图模式( swipe view pattern )用来作为图库的阅览室再好不过的了。你可以通过 PagerAdapter 来支持 ViewPager 实现这个阅览模式。然而, 一个更合适的支持适配器是其子类 FragmentStatePagerAdapter ,它自动销毁 ViewPager 中的 Fragments ,并保存其状态(当它从屏幕消失时),从而保持内存使用不会太高。
Note:
如果你有更小数量的图片,并确信他们能满足应用的内存限制,那么使用平常的 PagerAdapter 或 FragmentPagerAdapter 会更合适一些。
下面是一个具有 ImageView 的 ViewPager 实现。主activity持有 ViewPager 和它的适配器:
public class ImageDetailActivity extends FragmentActivity { public static final String EXTRA_IMAGE = "extra_image" ; private ImagePagerAdapter mAdapter; private ViewPager mPager; // A static dataset to back the ViewPager adapter public final static Integer[] imageResIds = new Integer[] { R.drawable.sample_image_1, R.drawable.sample_image_2, R.drawable.sample_image_3, R.drawable.sample_image_4, R.drawable.sample_image_5, R.drawable.sample_image_6, R.drawable.sample_image_7, R.drawable.sample_image_8, R.drawable.sample_image_9}; @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super .onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.image_detail_pager); // Contains just a ViewPager mAdapter = new ImagePagerAdapter(getSupportFragmentManager(), imageResIds.length); mPager = (ViewPager) findViewById(R.id.pager); mPager.setAdapter(mAdapter); } public static class ImagePagerAdapter extends FragmentStatePagerAdapter { private final int mSize; public ImagePagerAdapter(FragmentManager fm, int size) { super (fm); mSize = size; } @Override public int getCount() { return mSize; } @Override public Fragment getItem( int position) { return ImageDetailFragment.newInstance(position); } } }
之后是详细 Fragment 的实现,它持有子 ImageView 。这看起来像是一个完美的实现,但是从中你能看出缺陷来吗?有什么办法可以改进它?
public class ImageDetailFragment extends Fragment { private static final String IMAGE_DATA_EXTRA = "resId" ; private int mImageNum; private ImageView mImageView; static ImageDetailFragment newInstance( int imageNum) { final ImageDetailFragment f = new ImageDetailFragment(); final Bundle args = new Bundle(); args.putInt(IMAGE_DATA_EXTRA, imageNum); f.setArguments(args); return f; } // Empty constructor, required as per Fragment docs public ImageDetailFragment() {} @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super .onCreate(savedInstanceState); mImageNum = getArguments() != null ? getArguments().getInt(IMAGE_DATA_EXTRA) : -1 ; } @Override public View onCreateView(LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { // image_detail_fragment.xml contains just an ImageView final View v = inflater.inflate(R.layout.image_detail_fragment, container, false ); mImageView = (ImageView) v.findViewById(R.id.imageView); return v; } @Override public void onActivityCreated(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super .onActivityCreated(savedInstanceState); final int resId = ImageDetailActivity.imageResIds[mImageNum]; mImageView.setImageResource(resId); // Load image into ImageView } }
很好,你发现了问题所在:图片时在UI线程上进行读取的,因此可能会导致应用停止响应从而崩溃。使用一个在 Processing Bitmaps Off the UI Thread (博客链接: http://www.cnblogs.com/jdneo/p/3521195.html ) 中说的 AsyncTask ,它直接将图片加载和处理移动到后台线程中:
public class ImageDetailActivity extends FragmentActivity { ... public void loadBitmap( int resId, ImageView imageView) { mImageView.setImageResource(R.drawable.image_placeholder); BitmapWorkerTask task = new BitmapWorkerTask(mImageView); task.execute(resId); } ... // include BitmapWorkerTask class } public class ImageDetailFragment extends Fragment { ... @Override public void onActivityCreated(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super .onActivityCreated(savedInstanceState); if (ImageDetailActivity. class .isInstance(getActivity())) { final int resId = ImageDetailActivity.imageResIds[mImageNum]; // Call out to ImageDetailActivity to load the bitmap in a background thread ((ImageDetailActivity) getActivity()).loadBitmap(resId, mImageView); } } }
任何额外的处理(比如改变尺寸或者从网络获取图片)可以在
BitmapWorkerTask
中发生而不会影响到主
UI
的响应性。如果后台线程所做的不仅仅是直接从磁盘读取图片,那么添加一个内存缓存或磁盘缓存也是有益处的(博客链接:
http://www.cnblogs.com/jdneo/p/3522538.html
)。下面是内存缓存的修改代码:
public class ImageDetailActivity extends FragmentActivity { ... private LruCache<String, Bitmap> mMemoryCache; @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { ... // initialize LruCache as per Use a Memory Cache section } public void loadBitmap( int resId, ImageView imageView) { final String imageKey = String.valueOf(resId); final Bitmap bitmap = mMemoryCache.get(imageKey); if (bitmap != null ) { mImageView.setImageBitmap(bitmap); } else { mImageView.setImageResource(R.drawable.image_placeholder); BitmapWorkerTask task = new BitmapWorkerTask(mImageView); task.execute(resId); } } ... // include updated BitmapWorkerTask from Use a Memory Cache section }
将所有代码片段放在一起,组成了响应良好的 ViewPager 实现,它有很小的图片加载延迟,并且有能力在后台根据你的需要处理图片。
二). 实现向一个GridView加载位图
grid list building block
对于展示图片数据集是很有用的,并且可以通过一个
GridView
组件来实现。
GridView
组件允许同一时间在屏幕上显示许多图片,同时还有很多备用图片(当用户上下滑动页面时,备用图片将会被显示)。当实现这个控制类型时,你必须保证UI的流畅性,内存使用可控,并发处理正确(根据
GridView
回收它的子View)。
我们首先来看一下一个标准的
GridView
实现,它有一个置于
Fragment
中的子
ImageView
。还是像之前一样,请读者思考这一看上去完美的实现是否有进一步提升的空间?
public class ImageGridFragment extends Fragment implements AdapterView.OnItemClickListener { private ImageAdapter mAdapter; // A static dataset to back the GridView adapter public final static Integer[] imageResIds = new Integer[] { R.drawable.sample_image_1, R.drawable.sample_image_2, R.drawable.sample_image_3, R.drawable.sample_image_4, R.drawable.sample_image_5, R.drawable.sample_image_6, R.drawable.sample_image_7, R.drawable.sample_image_8, R.drawable.sample_image_9}; // Empty constructor as per Fragment docs public ImageGridFragment() {} @Override public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super .onCreate(savedInstanceState); mAdapter = new ImageAdapter(getActivity()); } @Override public View onCreateView( LayoutInflater inflater, ViewGroup container, Bundle savedInstanceState) { final View v = inflater.inflate(R.layout.image_grid_fragment, container, false ); final GridView mGridView = (GridView) v.findViewById(R.id.gridView); mGridView.setAdapter(mAdapter); mGridView.setOnItemClickListener( this ); return v; } @Override public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> parent, View v, int position, long id) { final Intent i = new Intent(getActivity(), ImageDetailActivity. class ); i.putExtra(ImageDetailActivity.EXTRA_IMAGE, position); startActivity(i); } private class ImageAdapter extends BaseAdapter { private final Context mContext; public ImageAdapter(Context context) { super (); mContext = context; } @Override public int getCount() { return imageResIds.length; } @Override public Object getItem( int position) { return imageResIds[position]; } @Override public long getItemId( int position) { return position; } @Override public View getView( int position, View convertView, ViewGroup container) { ImageView imageView; if (convertView == null ) { // if it's not recycled, initialize some attributes imageView = new ImageView(mContext); imageView.setScaleType(ImageView.ScaleType.CENTER_CROP); imageView.setLayoutParams( new GridView.LayoutParams( LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT, LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT)); } else { imageView = (ImageView) convertView; } imageView.setImageResource(imageResIds[position]); // Load image into ImageView return imageView; } } }
再一次地,这个实现的问题在于图片设置是在UI线程中执行的。虽然这样做对于简单,尺寸小的图片来说没有问题(当然还和系统加载和缓存的资源有关),如果还有其他额外的处理要做,那么你的UI会戛然而止。
之前章节的异步处理和缓存的方法可以在这里实现。然而,你也需要警惕并发的问题,因为
GridView
会回收它的子View。要处理这个问题,使用在
Processing Bitmaps Off the UI Thread
课程(博客链接:
http://www.cnblogs.com/jdneo/p/3521195.html
)中所讲的知识。下面是升级后的解决方案:
public class ImageGridFragment extends Fragment implements AdapterView.OnItemClickListener { ... private class ImageAdapter extends BaseAdapter { ... @Override public View getView( int position, View convertView, ViewGroup container) { ... loadBitmap(imageResIds[position], imageView) return imageView; } } public void loadBitmap( int resId, ImageView imageView) { if (cancelPotentialWork(resId, imageView)) { final BitmapWorkerTask task = new BitmapWorkerTask(imageView); final AsyncDrawable asyncDrawable = new AsyncDrawable(getResources(), mPlaceHolderBitmap, task); imageView.setImageDrawable(asyncDrawable); task.execute(resId); } } static class AsyncDrawable extends BitmapDrawable { private final WeakReference<BitmapWorkerTask> bitmapWorkerTaskReference; public AsyncDrawable(Resources res, Bitmap bitmap, BitmapWorkerTask bitmapWorkerTask) { super (res, bitmap); bitmapWorkerTaskReference = new WeakReference<BitmapWorkerTask> (bitmapWorkerTask); } public BitmapWorkerTask getBitmapWorkerTask() { return bitmapWorkerTaskReference.get(); } } public static boolean cancelPotentialWork( int data, ImageView imageView) { final BitmapWorkerTask bitmapWorkerTask = getBitmapWorkerTask(imageView); if (bitmapWorkerTask != null ) { final int bitmapData = bitmapWorkerTask.data; if (bitmapData != data) { // Cancel previous task bitmapWorkerTask.cancel( true ); } else { // The same work is already in progress return false ; } } // No task associated with the ImageView, or an existing task was cancelled return true ; } private static BitmapWorkerTask getBitmapWorkerTask(ImageView imageView) { if (imageView != null ) { final Drawable drawable = imageView.getDrawable(); if (drawable instanceof AsyncDrawable) { final AsyncDrawable asyncDrawable = (AsyncDrawable) drawable; return asyncDrawable.getBitmapWorkerTask(); } } return null ; } ... // include updated BitmapWorkerTask class
Note:
同样的代码也可以应用于 ListView
这样的实现对于如何处理和加载图片保留了足够的弹性,从而不会引起UI的卡顿。在后台任务中,你可以从网络上读取图片或者将大尺寸的数码照片进行缩放,在任务完成后,图像会显示出来。
要看这系列课程的完整代码样例,请下载 http://www.cnblogs.com/jdneo/p/3512517.html 中的样例代码