安装
urllib库更适合写爬虫文件,scrapy更适合做爬虫项目。
步骤:
- 先更改pip源,国外的太慢了,参考:https://www.jb51.net/article/159167.htm
- 升级pip:python -m pip install --upgrade pip
- pip install wheel
- pip install lxml
- pip install Twisted
- pip install scrapy
常用命令
- 新建项目:scrapy startproject mcq
- 运行独立的爬虫文件(不是项目):比如
然后输入命令scrapy runspider gg.py
-
获取设置信息:cd到项目,比如scrapy settings --get BOT_NAME
-
交互式爬取:scrapy shell http://www.baidu.com,可以使用python代码
-
scrapy版本信息:scrapy version
-
爬取并且在浏览器显示:scrapy view http://news.1152.com,将网页下载到本地打开
-
测试本地硬件性能:scrapy bench ,每分钟可以爬取多少页面
-
依据模板创建爬虫文件:scrapy genspider -l ,有以下模板
选择basic,scrapy genspider -t basic haha baidu.com (注意:这里填可爬取的域名,域名是不以www、edu……开头的)
-
测试爬虫文件是否合规:scrapy check haha
-
运行爬虫项目下的文件:scrapy crawl haha
不显示中间的日志信息:scrapy crawl haha --nolog -
查看当前项目下可用的爬虫文件:scrapy list
-
指定某个爬虫文件获取url:
F:\scrapy项目\mcq>scrapy parse --spider=haha http://www.baidu.com
XPath表达式
XPath与正则简单对比:
- XPath表达式效率会高一点
- 正则表达式功能强一点
- 一般来说,优先选择XPath,但是XPath解决不了的问题我们就选正则去解决
/:逐层提取
text()提取标签下面的文本
如要提取标题:/html/head/title/text()
//标签名:提取所有名为……的标签
如提取所有的div标签://div
//标签名[@属性='属性值']:提取属性为……的标签
@属性表示取某个属性值
使用scrapy做当当网商品爬虫
新建爬虫项目:F:\scrapy项目>scrapy startproject dangdang
F:\scrapy项目>cd dangdang
F:\scrapy项目\dangdang>scrapy genspider -t basic dd dangdang.com
修改items.py:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Define here the models for your scraped items
#
# See documentation in:
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html
import scrapy
class DangdangItem(scrapy.Item):
# define the fields for your item here like:
# name = scrapy.Field()
title=scrapy.Field() #商品标题
link=scrapy.Field() #商品链接
comment=scrapy.Field() #商品评论
我们翻一下页,分析两个链接:
http://category.dangdang.com/pg2-cid4008154.html
http://category.dangdang.com/pg3-cid4008154.html
可以找到初始链接:http://category.dangdang.com/pg1-cid4008154.html
分析页面源码,可以从name="itemlist-title" 下手,因为这个正好有48个结果,即一页商品的数量。
ctrl+f 条评论,可以发现正好有48条记录。
dd.py:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from dangdang.items import DangdangItem
from scrapy.http import Request
class DdSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'dd'
allowed_domains = ['dangdang.com']
start_urls = ['http://category.dangdang.com/pg1-cid4008154.html']
def parse(self, response):
item=DangdangItem()
item["title"]=response.xpath("//a[@name='itemlist-title']/@title").extract()
item["link"]=response.xpath("//a[@name='itemlist-title']/@href").extract()
item["comment"]=response.xpath("//a[@name='itemlist-review']/text()").extract()
# print(item["title"])
yield item
for i in range(2,11): #爬取2~10页
url='http://category.dangdang.com/pg'+str(i)+'-cid4008154.html'
yield Request(url, callback=self.parse)
对于dd里的Request:
url: 就是需要请求,并进行下一步处理的url
callback: 指定该请求返回的Response,由那个函数来处理。
settings.py:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Scrapy settings for dangdang project
#
# For simplicity, this file contains only settings considered important or
# commonly used. You can find more settings consulting the documentation:
#
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
BOT_NAME = 'dangdang'
SPIDER_MODULES = ['dangdang.spiders']
NEWSPIDER_MODULE = 'dangdang.spiders'
# Crawl responsibly by identifying yourself (and your website) on the user-agent
#USER_AGENT = 'dangdang (+http://www.yourdomain.com)'
# Obey robots.txt rules
ROBOTSTXT_OBEY = False
# Configure maximum concurrent requests performed by Scrapy (default: 16)
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS = 32
# Configure a delay for requests for the same website (default: 0)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/settings.html#download-delay
# See also autothrottle settings and docs
#DOWNLOAD_DELAY = 3
# The download delay setting will honor only one of:
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_DOMAIN = 16
#CONCURRENT_REQUESTS_PER_IP = 16
# Disable cookies (enabled by default)
#COOKIES_ENABLED = False
# Disable Telnet Console (enabled by default)
#TELNETCONSOLE_ENABLED = False
# Override the default request headers:
#DEFAULT_REQUEST_HEADERS = {
# 'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
# 'Accept-Language': 'en',
#}
# Enable or disable spider middlewares
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html
#SPIDER_MIDDLEWARES = {
# 'dangdang.middlewares.DangdangSpiderMiddleware': 543,
#}
# Enable or disable downloader middlewares
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html
#DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
# 'dangdang.middlewares.DangdangDownloaderMiddleware': 543,
#}
# Enable or disable extensions
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/extensions.html
#EXTENSIONS = {
# 'scrapy.extensions.telnet.TelnetConsole': None,
#}
# Configure item pipelines
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
ITEM_PIPELINES = {
'dangdang.pipelines.DangdangPipeline': 300,
}
# Enable and configure the AutoThrottle extension (disabled by default)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/autothrottle.html
#AUTOTHROTTLE_ENABLED = True
# The initial download delay
#AUTOTHROTTLE_START_DELAY = 5
# The maximum download delay to be set in case of high latencies
#AUTOTHROTTLE_MAX_DELAY = 60
# The average number of requests Scrapy should be sending in parallel to
# each remote server
#AUTOTHROTTLE_TARGET_CONCURRENCY = 1.0
# Enable showing throttling stats for every response received:
#AUTOTHROTTLE_DEBUG = False
# Enable and configure HTTP caching (disabled by default)
# See https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/downloader-middleware.html#httpcache-middleware-settings
#HTTPCACHE_ENABLED = True
#HTTPCACHE_EXPIRATION_SECS = 0
#HTTPCACHE_DIR = 'httpcache'
#HTTPCACHE_IGNORE_HTTP_CODES = []
#HTTPCACHE_STORAGE = 'scrapy.extensions.httpcache.FilesystemCacheStorage'
运行:F:\scrapy项目\dangdang>scrapy crawl dd --nolog
pipelines.py:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import pymysql
# Define your item pipelines here
#
# Don't forget to add your pipeline to the ITEM_PIPELINES setting
# See: https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/item-pipeline.html
class DangdangPipeline(object):
def process_item(self, item, spider):
conn=pymysql.connect(host='127.0.0.1',user="root",passwd="123456",db="dangdang")
cursor = conn.cursor()
for i in range(len(item["title"])):
title=item["title"][i]
link=item["link"][i]
comment=item["comment"][i]
# print(title+":"+link+":"+comment)
sql="insert into goods(title,link,comment) values('%s','%s','%s')"%(title,link,comment)
# print(sql)
try:
cursor.execute(sql)
conn.commit()
except Exception as e:
print(e)
conn.close()
return item
登录mysql,创建一个数据库:mysql> create database dangdang;
mysql> use dangdang
mysql> create table goods(id int(32) auto_increment primary key,title varchar(100),link varchar(100) unique,comment varchar(100));
最后运行 scrapy crawl dd --nolog
每页48条,48*10=480,爬取成功!
完整项目源代码参考我的github
scrapy模拟登陆实战
以这个网站为例http://edu.iqianyue.com/,我们不爬取内容,只模拟登陆,所以不需要写item.py
点击登陆,用fiddler查看真正的登陆网址:http://edu.iqianyue.com/index_user_login
修改login.py:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from scrapy.http import FormRequest, Request
class LoginSpider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'login'
allowed_domains = ['iqianyue.com']
start_urls = ['http://iqianyue.com/']
header={"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:68.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/68.0"}
#编写start_request()方法,第一次会默认调取该方法中的请求
def start_requests(self):
#首先爬一次登录页,然后进入回调函数parse()
return [Request("http://edu.iqianyue.com/index_user_login",meta={"cookiejar":1},callback=self.parse)]
def parse(self, response):
#设置要传递的post信息,此时没有验证码字段
data={
"number":"swineherd",
"passwd":"123",
}
print("登录中……")
#通过ForRequest.from_response()进行登录
return FormRequest.from_response(response,
#设置cookie信息
meta={"cookiejar":response.meta["cookiejar"]},
#设置headers信息模拟成浏览器
headers=self.header,
#设置post表单中的数据
formdata=data,
#设置回调函数
callback=self.next,
)
def next(self,response):
data=response.body
fp=open("a.html","wb")
fp.write(data)
fp.close()
print(response.xpath("/html/head/title/text()").extract())
#登录后访问
yield Request("http://edu.iqianyue.com/index_user_index",callback=self.next2,meta={"cookiejar":1})
def next2(self,response):
data=response.body
fp=open("b.html","wb")
fp.write(data)
fp.close()
print(response.xpath("/html/head/title/text()").extract())
scrapy新闻爬虫实战
目标:爬取百度新闻首页所有新闻
F:>cd scrapy项目
F:\scrapy项目>scrapy startproject baidunews
F:\scrapy项目>cd baidunews
F:\scrapy项目\baidunews>scrapy genspider -t basic n1 baidu.com
抓包分析
在首页往下拖触发所有新闻,在fiddler中找到存储url、title等等的js文件(并不是每一个js文件都有用)
发现不止js文件有新闻信息,还有别的,要细心在fiddler找!
http://news.baidu.com/widget?id=LocalNews&ajax=json&t=1566824493194
http://news.baidu.com/widget?id=civilnews&t=1566824634139
http://news.baidu.com/widget?id=InternationalNews&t=1566824931323
http://news.baidu.com/widget?id=EnterNews&t=1566824931341
http://news.baidu.com/widget?id=SportNews&t=1566824931358
http://news.baidu.com/widget?id=FinanceNews&t=1566824931376
http://news.baidu.com/widget?id=TechNews&t=1566824931407
http://news.baidu.com/widget?id=MilitaryNews&t=1566824931439
http://news.baidu.com/widget?id=InternetNews&t=1566824931456
http://news.baidu.com/widget?id=DiscoveryNews&t=1566824931473
http://news.baidu.com/widget?id=LadyNews&t=1566824931490
http://news.baidu.com/widget?id=HealthNews&t=1566824931506
http://news.baidu.com/widget?id=PicWall&t=1566824931522
我们可以发现真正影响新闻信息的是widget?后面的id值
两种不同的链接的源代码的url也不同:
items.py:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Define here the models for your scraped items
#
# See documentation in:
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/items.html
import scrapy
class BaidunewsItem(scrapy.Item):
# define the fields for your item here like:
# name = scrapy.Field()
title=scrapy.Field()
link=scrapy.Field()
content=scrapy.Field()
n1.py:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from baidunews.items import BaidunewsItem #从核心目录
from scrapy.http import Request
import re
import time
class N1Spider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'n1'
allowed_domains = ['baidu.com']
start_urls = ["http://news.baidu.com/widget?id=LocalNews&ajax=json"]
allid=['LocalNews', 'civilnews', 'InternationalNews', 'EnterNews', 'SportNews', 'FinanceNews', 'TechNews', 'MilitaryNews', 'InternetNews', 'DiscoveryNews', 'LadyNews', 'HealthNews', 'PicWall']
allurl=[]
for k in range(len(allid)):
thisurl="http://news.baidu.com/widget?id="+allid[k]+"&ajax=json"
allurl.append(thisurl)
def parse(self, response):
while True: #每隔5分钟爬一次
for m in range(len(self.allurl)):
yield Request(self.allurl[m], callback=self.next)
time.sleep(300) #单位为秒
cnt=0
def next(self,response):
print("第" + str(self.cnt) + "个栏目")
self.cnt+=1
data=response.body.decode("utf-8","ignore")
pat1='"m_url":"(.*?)"'
pat2='"url":"(.*?)"'
url1=re.compile(pat1,re.S).findall(data)
url2=re.compile(pat2,re.S).findall(data)
if(len(url1)!=0):
url=url1
else :
url=url2
for i in range(len(url)):
thisurl=re.sub("\\\/","/",url[i])
print(thisurl)
yield Request(thisurl,callback=self.next2)
def next2(self,response):
item=BaidunewsItem()
item["link"]=response.url
item["title"]=response.xpath("/html/head/title/text()")
item["content"]=response.body
print(item)
yield item
将robots改为False,scrapy crawl n1 --nolog即可运行
scrapy豆瓣网登录爬虫
要在settings里加上:
USER_AGENT = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_8_3) AppleWebKit/536.5 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/19.0.1084.54 Safari/536.5'
关于scrapy.http.FormRequest和scrapy.http.FormRequest.from_response的用法区别参考这篇博客:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_33472765/article/details/80958820
d1.py:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import scrapy
from scrapy.http import Request, FormRequest
class D1Spider(scrapy.Spider):
name = 'd1'
allowed_domains = ['douban.com']
# start_urls = ['http://douban.com/']
headers = {"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:68.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/68.0"}
def start_requests(self):
# 首先爬一次登录页,然后进入回调函数parse()
print("开始:")
return [Request("https://accounts.douban.com/passport/login",meta={"cookiejar":1},callback=self.login)]
def login(self, response):
#判断验证码
captcha=response.xpath("//")
data = {
"ck": "",
"name": "***",
"password": "***",
"remember": "false",
"ticket": ""
}
print("登陆中……")
return FormRequest(url="https://accounts.douban.com/j/mobile/login/basic",
# 设置cookie信息
meta={"cookiejar": response.meta["cookiejar"]},
# 设置headers信息模拟成浏览器
headers=self.headers,
# 设置post表单中的数据
formdata=data,
# 设置回调函数
callback=self.next,
)
def next(self,response):
#跳转到个人中心
yield Request("https://www.douban.com/people/202921494/",meta={"cookiejar":1},callback=self.next2)
def next2(self, response):
title = response.xpath("/html/head/title/text()").extract()
print(title)
现在的豆瓣是滑块验证码,对于现在的我这个菜鸡还不会处理。
在urllib中使用XPath表达式
先安装lxml模块:pip install lxml,然后将网页数据通过lxml下的etree转化为treedata的形式。
import urllib.request
from lxml import etree
data=urllib.request.urlopen("http://www.baidu.com").read().decode("utf-8","ignore")
treedata=etree.HTML(data)
title=treedata.xpath("//title/text()")
print(title)